International Journal of Language and Literary Studies

Is Business Life a Journey or RAFTING ON THE RAGING RIVER RAPIDS? Lee Iacocca’s Story

Daniela Jezic — 2025-03-09

In today’s business world, our activities have turned into RAFTING ON THE RAGING RIVER RAPIDS where the dynamic flow shapes our identity, aspirations and future, creating a cyclical pattern driven by our desire for success and fear of failure. To make abstract concepts like time, success, and failure more tangible, we translate them into "semantically grounded" concepts based on physical experiences reflected in conceptual metaphors. A business career, often conceptualized through the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY, becomes a framework for analyzing Lee Iacocca’s notable career at Ford and Chrysler in this paper. Since metaphorical mappings are rarely identical across languages, we investigated the English original metaphors and image schemas in Lee Iacocca’s autobiography and their Croatian translations. The autobiography discusses success and failure, the ups and downs of business where UP always carries positive attributes, and DOWN represents negative trends and failure. Therefore, Iacocca uses image schemas such as Climbing UP to depict the start of his prosperous business career, being ON TOP of the World to describe his enormous success, and a FALL from MOUNT EVEREST to depict his failure.

Teachers’ Multilingual Awareness in English Classrooms: Observed Practices

Lok Raj Regmi — 2025-03-08

The use of learners’ language(s) in second/foreign language pedagogy has ever been a highly debated issue. On the one hand, the proponents of the direct method and audio-lingual method remained in the position to prohibit learners’ home language(s) in SL/FL classrooms while scholars such as Cummins (2007) and Garcia (2008) have informed the supportive role of learners’ languages in such contexts. Being informed by recent literature, this study was carried out to explore the practices of teachers’ multilingual awareness, particularly focusing on the use of learners’ languages in English classrooms. The findings of the study showed that Nepalese teachers of English are aware of multilingual practices in English classrooms. They were found to practice mother tongue translation, code-mixing or switching and paraphrasing as multilingual pedagogic activities. Considering the reasons for using learners’ language(s) in English classrooms, the study indicated that children’s languages help learners understand the concept, promote learners’ participation in learning activities, and create spaces for minority children in terms of language.

The Impact of Globalization and Modern Technology on the English Language

Habiburahman Rahmani — 2025-03-09

English has changed significantly as a result of globalization and technology, and languages are constantly changing due to the demands of their users. As new words are created and become naturalized, language evolves very gradually. Today, English is a universal language, and communicating is a prerequisite for success in the global market. This article explores how globalization and technology have influenced the English language and its usage, emphasizing their various effects. This work has synthesized and analyzed the available literature using the systematic review technique, providing valuable insights into how technology and globalization have affected the English language. The results demonstrate how globalization has contributed to the widespread adoption of English as a lingua franca while also marginalizing regional languages. As English incorporates vocabulary from other cultures, linguistic borrowing has enhanced the language. On the other hand, technology has altered communication methods and has rapidly influenced the English language. Traditional communication methods have changed due to technology, which has made language more approachable and informal. Slang, abbreviations, emojis, and sentence fragments are new language forms brought about by the growth of texting, social media, and online communication. Although technology has facilitated faster and more effective communication, it has also caused a shift from standard grammar and language usage, particularly among younger generations.

The Procedure of Componential Analysis: Assessing the Literary Translation of Moroccan Cultural Terms into English

Abdelghani Elkhairat — 2025-03-09

This paper examines the translation of cultural terms in ???? ??????? (lu?bat ?Nnisy?n) (1995) by the Moroccan novelist Mohamed Berrada and its English version of The Game of Forgetting translated by the Palestinian-American Issa J. Boullata (1996). The aim of this paper is to discuss the problematic aspects that translators often encounter in finding equivalent lexical terms in the target language due to cultural disparities. Componential Analysis (CA) is one of the procedures that translators and researchers opt for to solve cultural issues and objectively assess translations free from cultural constraints. On this basis, we analyse some samples from the English translation of the novel using a comparative procedure to identify semantic features and, consequently, reveal some limitations in the English translation. We conclude that in many cases the original meaning of the source language is lost or distorted, suggesting alternative translation possibilities for different cultural cases.

Voices of Change: Bangladeshi ESL Teachers' Perspectives on Pedagogical Innovations

Farida Yeasmin — 2025-03-09

This qualitative study determines how Bangladeshi ESL teachers perceive the impact of recent pedagogic innovations on their teaching, the challenges they face in implementing them, and how they foresee ESL education in the future. The research adopts a phenomenological study design to develop an understanding of the lived experience and perception of 15 ESL teachers from diverse educational institutions across Bangladesh. Purposive sampling guarantees the identification of research participants with first-hand experience in pedagogical innovations. Data collection is characterized by in-depth, semi-structured interviews administered in Bengali to collect nuanced responses. Thematic analysis produces critical findings: teachers acknowledge the potential of interactive approaches and digital technology in augmenting learners' engagement; however, they are confronted by insurmountable obstacles, including inadequate access to technology and the drawbacks of large classes. Teachers envision a future situation where ongoing professional development and infrastructural assistance are the key elements for the effective application of new pedagogical methods. The results stress the necessity for customized professional development modules, better infrastructure, and policy reform to develop an environment conducive to innovation for ESL education. This study contributes to the body of knowledge about effective ESL instruction in resource-poor environments. It has practical implications for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in improving ESL education in Bangladesh.

The Black Mammy and Black Matriarch: Morrison’s Subversion of Deteriorating Stereotypes in Sula

Ali Mohammadi — 2025-03-08

This paper examines Toni Morrison’s Sula as a critique and deconstruction of the pervasive stereotypes imposed on Black women and men, including labels such as jezebel, mammy, and matriarch archetypes. By invoking and inverting these reductive labels, Morrison exposes their paradoxical nature and roots in white patriarchal systems. Through characters like Sula, who lives unapologetically on her own terms, and Eva, who defies traditional maternal roles, the novel dismantles the myths surrounding black womanhood. Morrison’s use of irony, parody, and paradox discloses the cognitive dissonance underpinning racist stereotypes and highlights the humanity and complexity of Black identities. Central to the novel’s themes is the exploration of survival strategies in the face of systemic oppression, as seen in Shadrack’s National Suicide Day and Eva’s sacrifices. By challenging these stereotypes, Sula reclaims agency for Black women and underscores the destructiveness of antithetical labels, calling for a deeper understanding of identity and autonomy.

Unveiling the Dark Underbelly of Polygamy in Lola Shoneyin’s The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives

Mbu Dora Nyuykighan — 2025-03-09

Polygamous marriages in Africa have long been a subject of fascination and curiosity, often portrayed in popular culture as exotic and romanticized. However, beneath the surface lies a complex web of power dynamics, inequalities, and hidden struggles that have far-reaching and detrimental consequences for those involved in it. Lola Shoneyin’s The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives exposes these hidden struggles and oppressive power dynamics within the polygamous household. The paper depicts the dark underbelly of polygamy in African marriages projecting its negative effects such as oppression, emotional and physical abuse, infertility, and many more. Through the qualitative research method, the paper adopts a feminist perspective to literary criticism concerning African Feminism. By unveiling the dark aspects of polygamy, the paper challenges romanticized notions of polygamy and emphasizes the need for a critical examination of polygamous marriage systems in Africa. It recommends that marriage for women should be a thing of choice as it does not guarantee social and psychological fulfilment. Thus, understanding the dark underbelly of polygamy would pave the way for dialogue and more equitable and inclusive relationship structures.

Fragmented Selves and the Politics of Memory Exploring Exile and Identity in Malika Oufkir's Freedom: The Story of My Second Life

Omar IDMOULID — 2025-03-09

Autobiography has increasingly achieved access in literary and cultural scholarship bringing attention to the ways in which the self is perceived and (re)created in virtue of our memories. To investigate the interrelation between self and memory, this paper is engaged with the following questions: what do we mean by the self or himself (autos)? How memory is constituted in the self? How can the self be written into narrative? Can the self be explained by in terms of memory? By introducing the concept of the self on account of these questions, this paper hopes to show that self and memory are intertwined through the process of constructing stories we tell, share and/or conceal about ourselves and others. Within this ambit, this paper seeks to examine Malika Oufkir’s Freedom: The Story of My Second Life through the prism of exile, memory, and identity (re)construction. It investigates how this narrative navigates imprisonment, displacement and estrangement. Central to this analysis is the representation of memory as both a site of agony and a mechanism for resistance, through which Oufkir reclaims agency over her identity. In short, the paper also explores the intricate interplay between personal and political exile in the sense that it delves deep into how the author’s experiences reflect broader themes of imprisonment, displacement, fragmentation and estrangement in the postcolonial context. Drawing upon theories of autobiographical memory and collective identity, this paper examines how Oufkir’s narrative intertwines personal and collective histories, revealing the complex interplay between individual memories and broader socio-cultural contexts. In essence, this paper adopts an eclectic methodology to address the question of autobiographical construction of self and memory. As such, the paper focuses on the transformative role of exile in shaping Malika’s identity and memory. By situating Oufkir’s narrative within the framework of gendered resistance, this paper seeks to illustrate how she transcends the boundaries of imprisonment and exilic condition in order to reconstruct a sense of being and knowing in a place and time in a world that remains deeply fractured by cultural and historical divides. Eventually, the paper underscores Freedom as a powerful testament to the enduring struggle for selfhood in the face of dislocation and marginalization.

Speaking Anxiety and Factors in Indonesian EFL Tertiary Contexts: Exploring Proficiency Differences

Hana Sabrina Putri Khairunnisa Saputro — 2025-03-09

Some people struggle with speaking English clearly due to nervousness, a phenomenon called speaking anxiety. This study examines speaking anxiety levels, their correlation with proficiency, contributing factors, and coping strategies. A survey of 96 Indonesian EFL students revealed that lower proficiency students faced significantly higher anxiety levels. Key factors included fear of negative evaluation (39%), personality traits (53%), and pedagogical influences (67%). Practising outside the classroom (57%) and positive lecturer feedback were effective in reducing anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of supportive learning environments. In conclusion, the study found that speaking anxiety levels were generally low but significantly affected by proficiency. Factors such as evaluation fear, personality, and teaching methods contributed to anxiety, while external practice and supportive feedback helped mitigate it.

From Text to Understanding the Inner Text: LLMs and Translation Accuracy and Fluency

Mahdi Aben Ahmed — 2025-03-09

Evaluating translation quality is crucial to ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) meet the ambitious standards required for effective communication across languages. The key aspects of translation quality are accuracy; accuracy measures how well the translation reflects the meaning of the original text. It also measures the fluency based upon the naturalness and readability of the translation in the target language, both features play a crucial role in defining what smooth translation should appear to the prospective user(s). The present study, therefore, aims to measure these aspects of LLM-generated translation based on a corpus of LLM-translated texts. As this study is evaluative, it proposes a rigorous method to evaluate and improve the accuracy, fluency, and naturalness of LLM-generated translation. The study, therefore, analyses AI-generated translation texts based on these criteria. The secondary data set was collected from users of AI-based translation to provide further insights into the validity of LLM-based translation texts. By combining both real time translated texts generated by AI and users’ perspectives, this study arrived at results on the status and validity of LLM-based translation. The majority of the participants concurred that the translations retained the meaning of the original text, even the lower scores for processing idiomatic expressions and figurative language in LLMs still reflected a high level of semantic preservation, The high scores for grammatical correctness and sentence flow show that LLMs are perceived to be very good at generating translations that are grammatically correct and readable. Based on the findings, the study offers practical implications for future enhancement in AI-generated translation.

Cultural Impact on Interactive Metadiscourse in Legal Hybrid Disciplines: A Comparative Genre Study

Naseem Al-Wazeer — 2025-03-09

Cultural background can impact writers' writing styles in academic contexts. The present study aimed to investigate this impact on research article (RA) abstracts in two legal hybrid disciplines (medical law and IT law) when used by native and non-native writers of English. By adopting corpus-based genre analysis, the present study explored the use of interactive metadiscourse markers (MMs) in 40 RA abstracts. The corpora were randomly chosen from two high-impact factor journals: "Health and Justice" (medical law) and "International Journal of Cyber Criminology" (IT law). For the analysis, Hyland's (2005) interpersonal model of metadiscourse was applied. Other tools were also used: AntConc (2019) software, SPSS Version 27, and frequencies per 1000 words. The results revealed that there was a stronger presence of code glosses in the abstracts written by native writers compared to non-native writers. However, the differences between the native and non-native writers across the two disciplines were minimal and non-significant. This study suggests that both co-authorship with native writers and writing experience can reduce the influence of cultural background on non-native writers' academic writing style.

Grappling with Cultural Sensitivity of Culturally Specific Concepts in English-Arabic Medical Texts

Saddam Ahmed Al-Ahdal — 2025-03-14

Problems relating to cultural aspects, linguistic differences and religious implications can complicate medical language communication. The present study delves into the challenges of translating culturally specific medical concepts between English and Arabic, focusing on cultural sensitivity in medical translation. The need to explore this area in the context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) stems from the needs of the majorly multicultural-multilingual social fabric of modern Saudi Arabia. The study uses a random corpus of fifty medical prescriptions in English and their human-translated Arabic versions for detailed analysis. The corpus are then analyzed for four features: Cultural Sensitivity and Appropriateness, Direct Equivalents, Medical Practices and Beliefs, and Translating Specific Medical Terms to establish translation efficacy. Content analysis by medical translation experts revealed that of the four areas under study, ensuring cultural sensitivity and appropriateness was least assured in the translation of medical prescriptions. Semi-structured interviews with a smaller set of translators helped identify the challenges in translation and some recommendations for tackling them. The study is likely to transform the focus and curriculum of ESP and translation courses in Saudi Arabia as well as other similar multicultural-multilingual environments healthcare services focus on effective language strategies and communication. Finally, the identification of the key problems and issues will contribute to optimizing the experience towards building culturally grounded medical language translation practices.

Writing Habits of the Undergraduate Level EFL Learners: A Survey

Md. Arif Khan Pathan — 2025-03-12

From personal to professional, intellectual to recreational; writing benefits a student in every sphere of life. The significance of writing in learning a new language is also undeniable. In Bangladeshi schools and colleges, reading and writing-based English learning system provides students with a lot of opportunities to practice writing and improve their writing skills. Unfortunately, the majority of the undergraduate level students are found very incompetent in writing English. It is assumed that students are used to writing only academic subjects. They prefer to memorize notes and write only for academic purposes, more particularly for exam purposes. The current study attempts to justify the assumption through a five-point Likert-scale survey. A questionnaire consisting of ten questions is used to investigate what the students write or like to write in English other than their academic subjects regularly. The study discovers that the majority of the students do not regularly write non-academic English texts like stories, poems, letters, memorable events, news reports, etc. They write them occasionally. Besides, there are a significant number of students who either rarely or never write this type of writing. This shows that the students are either not truly interested in extra-curricular writing activities or not aware of the benefits of extensive writing. Although there are a lot of things that they can write regularly to develop their writing skills, they don’t do that and consequently can’t develop good writing habits in their daily lives.

Colonial Imposition and Ecological Menace in Fire on the Mountain and The Living Mountain

Khum Prasad Sharma — 2025-03-12

This paper critically explores and analyses anthropocentric hubris and ecological destruction in Anita Desai’s Fire on the Mountain (1997) and Amitav Ghosh’s The Living Mountain (2022) by applying ecocritical perspective in general and environmental apocalypticism in particular. To do so, I have applied environmental apocalyptic insights envisioned by Lyn White Jr. in “Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis” Lawrence Buell’s “Environmental Apocalypticism’ and Val Plumwood’s “Blind Spots of Centrism and Human Self-enclosure” as theoretical parameters to analyse the primary texts under scrutiny in this paper. By foregrounding the concept of ecological vulnerability, the study argues that the mountains in these works are not merely physical landscapes but also represent the cultural and environmental consequences of colonialism. Ultimately, this comparative study demonstrates that both Desai and Ghosh use mountains not only as powerful critiques of the lasting impact of colonialism on both nature and society but also advocate for a deeper understanding of ecological sustainability. It further contributes to the discourse on environmental literature by emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to ecological issues that considers historical injustices and the voices of marginalized communities.

Exploring Teachers’ Perceptions of Post-Method Pedagogy in ELT

Bhim Lal Bhandari — 2025-03-16

Post-method pedagogy, introduced by Kumaravadivelu in 1994, emerged as a response to the need for a more effective approach to teaching English that moves beyond the limitations of traditional method-based frameworks. However, most teachers still adopt lectures as the primary method of teaching English in Nepal. This article explores teachers’ perceptions of post-method pedagogy in English Language Teaching (ELT) in Nepal. A phenomenological research design was employed to achieve the purpose of the study. Four community school teachers were purposively selected as the research participants. In-depth interviews were used as a major technique for collecting information from them. This study reveals that teachers hold positive perceptions of this pedagogy that can promote teacher autonomy and quality in English language teaching, and they perceive post-method pedagogy as a way to address the limitations of traditional methods and promote context-sensitive teaching. The study can contribute to teachers constructing context and culture-sensitive pedagogies rather than being imposed by methodological practices.

Challenges of Simultaneous Interpreting

Fatima Abdulahi Hamid — 2025-03-13

Simultaneous interpreting faces a lot of challenges, which the interpreters should try to overcome. Nowadays it is of crucial importance to discuss such scenes and find solutions. Globalization has brought about a series of prompt developments in the professional field of multilingual communication, consequently widening the concept of translation in general and interpreting particularly. The concept even diverges to cover wide-range of recently introduced activities as sub-dubbing, sub-titling and localizing. Hence, interpreting as an old practice has revived even more to become a significant profession governed by a broad set of theories defining its practice. The need becomes even more intense or powerful in the case of deaf who use sign language and those who are not suffering any hearing disability and they seek to communicate with each other. The job of the interpreter is to understand the meanings and purposes expressed in the source language and reflect them into the target language candidly with utmost care. Consequently, interpreters should adhere steadfastly to a professional Code of Conduct or moral precepts to enlist confidentiality. Hence, interpreting is a greatly challenging career but a rewarding one for those who own a brilliant mastery of languages.

Mothering in the Face of Genocide: A Maternal Theory Approach to The Barefoot Woman

p GOWSALYA — 2025-03-11

Scholastique Mukasonga’s The Barefoot Woman serves as a powerful testimony of maternal resilience and cultural preservation amid the Rwandan Genocide. Central to the narrative is Stefania, the author’s mother, whose maternal role transcends traditional caregiving to embody a form of cultural and psychological resistance. Using maternal theory as a framework, this study explores Stefania’s efforts to shield her family, safeguard Rwandan cultural practices, and impart resilience during the genocide's harrowing events. Maternal theory offers insights into the intricate connections between motherhood, memory, and trauma, framing Stefania’s actions as both protective and generative. Her daily practices, such as weaving mats, preparing traditional meals, and retelling stories, serve as acts of defiance against cultural erasure. These maternal acts are further examined through the lens of trauma theory, highlighting Stefania’s role as a stabilizing force within the chaos of genocide. This paper situates Mukasonga’s narrative within the broader discourse on maternal resilience and genocide literature. The findings emphasize Stefania’s portrayal as a maternal archetype who preserves cultural identity under extreme duress, redefining the concept of motherhood in African literature. The study contributes to understanding the intersections of gender, trauma, and cultural memory, emphasizing the maternal figure’s centrality in preserving heritage during crises.

Re-Writing Her Story: Identity in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Assia Djebar's Fantasia between the Interplay of Historical Legacy and Textual Representation

Malika AFILAL — 2025-03-16

The present paper discusses how Assia Djebar's Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade and Toni Morrison's Beloved make testimony to historical truth in their representation of feminine identity in two historical contexts: colonialism in Algeria and Racism in America. In the postmodern, postcolonial novels, the African American Morrison and the Algerian Francophone Djebar rewrite two phases of human history, aiming to form, transmit and represent a true historical reality and consciousness through blurring fact and fiction. Djebar revisits the official history of colonialism and the Algerian War of decolonization from France; Morrison, on the other hand, rewrites the history of slavery in antebellum America. Drawing on Linda Hutcheon’s theory, “I investigate how both novelists resurrect the past and develop fictive strategies in seeking to represent a historical truth that corrects the misrepresentation of feminine identity. Both works problematize the question of representation and truth from the standpoint of working-class, marginalized women, namely the Black/African-American and the Arab/Algerian women. While Djebar and Morrison engage with official history shaping each period, they deploy and adopt most of the central tenets and politics associated with the postmodern historical novel, which are in congruity with what Linda Hutcheon calls "historiographic metafiction," a product of both the postcolonial and the postmodern era. In doing so, both writers excavate the archive in search of truth and disclaim the post-structuralist assumption that postmodern narrative is ahistorical.

Analyzing Coherence and Cohesion in Sara Duterte's Vice Presidential Inaugural Speech

Resyl Sebalda — 2025-03-19

This study examines the coherence and cohesion of Sara Duterte’s inaugural speech as the newly elected Vice President of the Philippines. It aims the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices used in the speech to understand their role in enhancing clarity and logical flow. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and content analysis, the study identifies linguistic features that contribute to coherence. Data were extracted from the official speech transcript and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of cohesive devices. The findings reveal that various cohesion methods such as references, repetition, and conjunctions were employed to maintain logical progression and emphasize key points. The study concludes that these linguistic strategies are essential for ensuring the speech's readability and persuasiveness. Furthermore, the findings unveil the significance of language and the role of coherence and cohesion in influencing public opinion, exercising power, and shaping identities in Philippine political discourse. By understanding these cohesion techniques, citizens can become more informed and critical consumers of political information, fostering greater awareness in public discourse.

Exploring the Impacts of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) on Reading Comprehension: A Systematic Review of Literature

Meriem EL Boukhrissi — 2025-03-19

Universal Design for Learning is a framework which advocates for inclusivity and encourages learning for all learners through the minimization of instructional barriers and the ensuring of flexibility (Rose & Gravel, 2010). The integration of Universal Design for Learning principles and guidelines in reading comprehension instruction has gained considerable attention in recent years for its potential to improve diverse students´ learning achievements. Employing the UDL principles´, teachers can design and adapt an effective learning curriculum that supports literacy for all learners. The aim of this systematic literature review is to synthesizes the current research on the effectiveness of UDL in enhancing reading comprehension outcomes for diverse learners. This study utilized six comprehensive scientific databases to identify pertinent studies. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, which will aid in the reporting and summarizing of the prevailing studies in a manner that is accurate and straightforward. 7 empirical studies were retrieved based on predefined criteria of inclusion, then the process of data extraction was managed using NVivo to extract relevant data from the studies. The findings revealed that UDL significantly improves the reading comprehension outcomes of diverse learners by providing multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression especially when supplemented with assistive technology and multimodal platforms. It has the potential to foster inclusive reading instruction; however, its successful integration is dependent on the presence of adequate teacher training, institutional support, and the demand for more resources to reinforce UDL´s implementation.

An Overview of Digital Library Implementation in Cambodian High Schools: A Case Study of a New Generation School (NGS) in Phnom Penh

Thou Pol — 2025-03-17

The innovation of Education 4.0 has rapidly transformed the educational environment through the growth of technology including digital library management (DLM). However, most libraries in Cambodian high schools are not yet ready for this conversion. This study aimed to discover the digital library (DL) engagement in a New Generation High School (NGS) in Phnom Penh. It was carried out A case study mixed-methods design using structural equation modelling (SEM) observation and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that some digital platforms have been used in the library and performed various advantages such as enhancing connection and communication (Social media and Google Forms & Spreadsheet), improving accessibility (Library Management System (LMS) and Microsoft Office and Google Workspace), increasing efficiency and simplicity (Auto processes), data-driven decision making (Google Forms & Spreadsheet integration), cost-effectiveness (free & cloud-based solution; Google), and enhancing user experience (user-friendly interface like social media and LMS). The librarians also stressed that English literacy, information communication technology (ICT) literacy and operation budget are the concerns of applying digital libraries in high school. Larger sample sizes of both NGSs and general high schools are highly recommended for further research across the country.

Decoding the Timori Codes: A Coded Native Dialect of Cogtong

WEENA MAE AMPO — 2025-03-20

The Philippines is a country of diverse cultures and dialects. The present study considers the Timori code system, decoding by the speakers, and application in word structure and speech production. The Timori code system uses distinctive patterns like A-O, B-T, D-P, L-R, M-N, N-M, O-A, P-D, R-L, S-Y, Y-B, U-A, and Y-S as it is found through a qualitative-descriptive process. The decoding process from Bisaya to Timori involves writing the alphabet and its equivalent codes, forming words through coding, expanding vocabulary through practice, conversing with native speakers, and developing contextual understanding. Descriptive words best illustrate this code system of a language as indicative of the openness of the Timori dialect despite showing the active convergence of linguistic traditions. The Timori words' discovery is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 11-Sustainable Cities and Communities, where upholding Indigenous languages ensures the retention of our heritage for future generations.

Framing LGBTQIA+ Identities: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender and Sexuality Representation in Student Publications

Rafael Rodriguez — 2025-03-24

This study explores how LGBTQIA+ identities are framed in student publications from state colleges and universities in North Cotabato using Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis. It examines the linguistic choices, recurring narratives, and power structures that influence representation. Through textual analysis, the study identifies patterns in lexical choices, inclusive pronouns, poetic devices, and visual symbols that convey empowerment, struggles, exclusivity, and inclusivity. The discursive practice analysis reveals that, while some student publications actively promote LGBTQIA+ visibility through affirmative discourse and inclusive imagery, others exhibit restraint due to institutional and cultural constraints. Student publications from progressive institutions embrace themes of resilience and inclusivity, while those from conservative institutions demonstrate self-censorship and limited LGBTQIA+ discourse. This study also highlights the pedagogical role of student journalism in challenging heteronormative ideologies and bridging advocacy with education. Meanwhile, the social practice analysis suggests that student publications, despite restrictive frameworks, can shape narratives that foster diversity and acceptance. However, institutional and cultural biases continue to limit the depth and frequency of LGBTQIA+ representation. The study recommends strengthening editorial independence, leveraging digital platforms, and ensuring fair representation. Institutions should support these efforts by implementing gender-inclusive policies and providing training for student journalists.

Escaping the Dollhouse: Maternal Identity from A Doll’s House to Digital Motherhood

Manal I. Fattah — 2025-03-26

This study examines the evolving expectations of motherhood by drawing parallels between A Doll’s House and contemporary digital parenting culture. Through a feminist literary and sociological lens, the research explores how maternal identity remains constrained by societal, economic, and digital forces, despite historical advancements in gender equality. A qualitative comparative analysis is employed, integrating feminist literary criticism, sociological research, and digital media studies. The study critically examines Henrik Ibsen’s portrayal of maternal expectations and contrasts it with modern “momfluencer” culture, where maternal labor is performed, monetized, and scrutinized in digital spaces. Findings reveal that while the mediums of maternal performance have shifted—from Victorian domestic ideals to social media branding—the fundamental expectations of self-sacrificial motherhood persist. Economic dependence, emotional labor, and gendered double standards continue to shape maternal experiences, reinforcing unrealistic standards of perfection. However, emerging forms of feminist maternal activism and digital resistance offer pathways for redefining motherhood beyond traditional constraints. Ultimately, this study argues that maternal autonomy remains an ongoing struggle, as societal pressures evolve rather than disappear. By critically engaging with historical and modern representations of motherhood, the research underscores the need for continued examination and resistance against restrictive maternal ideals.

Voicing the Mediterranean: Home, Identity, and Diaspora in Abdulhamid Bajouki's Uy?n al-Manf? Moro Jaime

Youssef Bouyazdouzen — 2025-03-17

This article presents a postcolonial reading of Abdulhamid Bajouki's novel Uy?n al-Manf? Moro Jaime (2013) (Eyes of Exile: Jaime the Moor), part of his trilogy, exploring the narrative journey of Said, a Moroccan political activist who migrates to Spain seeking refuge. Employing a close reading methodology informed by postcolonial theory and diaspora studies, particularly the concepts of hybridity, conviviality, and the "third space", the analysis examines Said's experiences of migration, identity formation, and cultural negotiation. The study highlights how Said's interactions with Isabel, a Spanish woman, and other characters, reflect broader dynamics of integration and adaptation. Specifically, it demonstrates how Said navigates the tension between his Moroccan origins and his new Spanish environment, ultimately constructing a hybrid identity that transcends traditional notions of home and belonging. The analysis reveals that Bajouki's novel, through Said's journey and his relationship with Isabel and her mother, promotes a concept of conviviality, echoing the historical spirit of al-Andalus, as a model for intercultural understanding in the Mediterranean context. Through a thorough analysis of Said's experiences, this article contributes to diaspora studies by illustrating the complex negotiation of hybrid identity within a postcolonial framework, particularly highlighting the role of conviviality and the 'third space' in shaping diasporic experiences and challenging traditional narratives of alienation and exclusion often associated with diaspora. The article concludes that Uy?n al-Manf? contributes to diaspora studies by illustrating the complex, fluid, and often paradoxical nature of identity construction in exile.

Transforming Moroccan Public Schools: Innovative Teaching Practices for Students’ Well-Being and Teachers’ Professional Growth

Fatimazahra Elboussaidi — 2025-03-31

The COVID-19 pandemic and the AI-driven digital transformation have significantly disrupted conventional teaching methods, leading to the most severe educational crisis to date (United Nations, 2020; UNESCO, 2020a, 2020b, 2023). While these disruptions presented major challenges for educators (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2020), they also created opportunities to redefine education, moving beyond traditional curricula and practices. In this volatile and evolving landscape, fostering inclusive learning environments and prioritizing teachers’ innovative approaches is crucial for effective educational transformation. Understanding these shifts will help identify the necessary support systems, skills, and strategies teachers and students need to adapt (Schleicher, 2020; OECD, 2025). This study aims to investigate the implementation of innovative teaching practices to enhance teachers' professional development, improve student well-being, and restore trust in Moroccan public schools. It examines how student-centered and engaging pedagogies contribute to creativity, resilience, and academic engagement, while also supporting teacher professional growth. Using action research methodology, this study integrates quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings indicate that innovative practices significantly enhance students' creativity, resilience, and engagement, while also contributing to teachers' professional development. The study emphasizes the importance of fostering effective, engaging, and student-centered learning environments, providing insights into how education can be reconceptualized and transformed to address future challenges.

The Influences of the English Language Vocabulary on EFL Learners' English Language Competency Proficiency

Adeeb Hakami — 2025-04-01

This study investigates the relationship between vocabulary acquisition and English language proficiency among?Saudi EFL university students. Using a quantitative methodology, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire data was collected from 200 participants. Vocabulary?learning is an important factor for English ability, and each factor related to vocabulary learning has been reported to hinder the learning of English. The study's findings emphasize the necessity of?structured vocabulary instruction, interactive learning methods, and greater exposure to language. These insights inform EFL pedagogy by recognizing the importance of vocabulary in language learning. The document has future research directions to incorporate more variables that impact?this process.

A Pragmatic Analysis of FPRRD’s Quad Committee Hearing on Drug War Using Grice’s Maxims

Haninnah Dalgan — 2025-04-02

This study was conducted to analyze former President Rodrigo Duterte's responses during the Quad Committee hearing on the Philippine drug war through the lens of Grice's conversational maxims. An analysis of Duterte's dialogue revealed frequent violations of the maxims of Quantity, Relation, Manner, and Quality. These violations manifested as excessive, ambiguous, or irrelevant information, evasion of direct answers to critical questions posed by Congresswoman Brosas, and diversion from the central topic of inquiry. This behavior aligns with existing research indicating politicians may strategically avoid conversational maxims to evade cooperation. The study reveals that violations can undermine clarity and relevance in high-stakes political discussions, hindering effective discourse and accountability. Furthermore, the study suggests further research should focus on the strategic use of maxim violations in political contexts, their impact on public perception, and methods for enhancing clarity and transparency in political communication to foster more productive exchanges. Overall, with the help of conversational maxims and observed violations, it is easier to understand how political discourse can be manipulated to obscure accountability and hinder transparency.

Digital Narrative in Shelley Jackson’s Patchwork: Hypertext as a Mode of Reading and Writing

Roua Khlifi — 2025-04-09

In Patchwork Girl, Shelley Jackson reimagines Mary Shelley’s pioneer work, Frankenstein through using digital media to reshape the narrative structure and the thematic complexity of the novel. Through using hypertext format, Jackson explores a fragmented and nonlinear storytelling approach that challenges the confines ofthe traditional narrative forms. Hypertext links invites readers to navigate the story choosing which path to take which blurs the boundaries between author, text and reader. This article will explore the role of technology in the narrative structure of Jackson’s Patchwork Girl and will analyze the interplay between content and form which highlights the reader as a co-creator of meaning.